But the same phrase also is used to announce prophecy, and vision is a prophetic term: the whole episode concerns the transition from priestly to prophetic authority.64 In short, Alter implies that the man of God acts as an oracle in relation to the priest, since the priest himself has lost the traditional gift of oracle through abuse and neglect. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. Also before they burnt the fat, the priests servant came, and said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest; for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw. WebSamuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. put away thy wine from thee. The antimonarchic account presents a different picture of the kingship and of Saul and Samuel. 20. Nevertheless, everything that she says and doesindeed, everything that she is in the storymanifests supreme devotion to her sacred roles of wife and mother and to her covenant relationship with the Lord. Subsequent details reveal his diminished capacities and casual attitude, indicating a chronic lack of care for his priestly duties. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. He was a faithful young servant who had God's favor. One night God spoke to Samuel while he was sleeping, and the boy mistook the Lord's voice for Eli's. This happened three times until the old priest realized God was speaking to Samuel. Samuel grew in wisdom and became a prophet. 10. In short, the narrative features the delivery of the word of God by the man of God to Eli but the reception by Samuel of the divine message directly from God. And the Lord came, and stood, and called as at other times, Samuel, Samuel. 43. Characterization. 3:21), it begins in virtual obscurity, making its outcome all the more miraculous. 16. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. He reappeared, however, to announce the oracle of Yahweh rejecting Saul as king, once for arrogating to himself the right of sacrifice (chapter 13) and a second time for failing to carry out the law of the bana primitive institution by which persons or objects were devoted to the deity, normally by destructionagainst the Amalekites (chapter 15). 59. 50. The possibility of a covenant perspective, however, cannot be denied and may be profoundly appreciated as we seek to plumb the depths of this remarkable text. Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. While fascinating in their own right, the historiography and aesthetics of Hannahs song do not concern the present study; rather, my interest is in the songs extensive use of poetic couplets45 and its interpretive role in the structure of the larger narrative. 61. Shakab implies that Samuel is simply lying prone in bed when the Lord first calls and eventually appears to him. The story of Samuels birth and calling sheds significant light on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. The biblical scene . Customary Behavior: Eating/Drinking and Fasting. Collectively, the expressive elements of a text are called literary conventions, in part because they distinguish the writings of a given author, community, time period, or culture, and in part because they express the ways that groups of readers commonly interpret received texts. See, for example, McCarter, ISamuel, 1214; Richard R. Losch, All the People in the Bible: An AZ Guide to the Saints, Scoundrels, and Other Characters in Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2008), 36870. The present study relies on the LDS edition of the King James Translation of the Hebrew Bible. For comparable instances of this identical response elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, see Genesis 22:7; 27:1, 18; 31:11; 37:11; 46:2; Exodus 3:4. Leitwrter: establish and cut off. And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the Lord, and also with men. According to the account, Elkanah loves Hannah, favors her with a worthy portion of the ceremonial offering, and is her partner in the conception of Samuel; nevertheless, he leads out in and is concerned with no other family roles than performing the annual ceremonial requirements of the Mosaic law and providing for the familys material support. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. Genesis 2428, 38; Ruth 14. McCarter, I Samuel, 8693, identifies several literary features of the text which indicate that, as a result of Samuels ministry, Israels future as recounted in the Hebrew Bible will be considerably different than its past. As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. Given the expressive nature of Hannahs song, the number seven in this line likely implies many, as it does elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, thereby enhancing the parallelism with the following line and the implied application to Hannahs situation. Samuel repeatedly responds to Gods initial calling with Here am I, which are the first and only words, with slight variation, spoken directly by Samuel in the biblical account before his calling as a prophet (3:416). The word of God is often a technical term referring to oracular message. The parallel syntax and barrage of ands, far from being the reflex of a primitive language, are as artfully effective in furthering the ends of the narrative as any device one could find in a sophisticated modern novelist. Alter, Moses, xxviixxviii, emphasis in original. Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The dynamic interplay in the biblical text between narrow and broad perspectives (narrative and dialogue in Alters terms) comes into focus in the third segment of the Samuel story. and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? And the Lord called Samuel again the third time. In biblical Hebrew, shael has a double meaning: to request and to lend. We dont know who wrote the books for certain. . The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. On the complementarity of individuals physical traits and spiritual qualities in the Hebrew Bible, see Alter, Moses, xixxxiii. While the transition details the woes of Elis house, it also contains five separate references to Samuels progressively faithful service to the Lordat the beginning and end of the transition and periodically throughout (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a). This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. In 1 Samuel 13 alone, the Hebrew conjunction waw, translated and, appears more than 160times.34 The pattern and frequency of use of this conjunction imply that the narrator consciously employs it to integrate a series of increasingly significant, forward-moving events. And Samuel grew, and the Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. Samuel is ever faithful to his consecrated responsibilities at Shiloh and eventually becomes one of Israels greatest spiritual leaders. Rather it introduces readers to an approach that privileges the integrity of the received text. JPS Tanakh 1917 Nevertheless, his casual observance of the priestly office is made apparent by his first appearance in the narrative: Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord.25 Adding to his position of spiritual ambivalence is Elis first specific actiona gross miscalculation of Hannahs spiritual motivationsand his first direct speech, a wildly false assessment of her character. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Few individual verses in the entire Hebrew Bible use waw more frequently.36 Based on its construction, this verse properly reads as a compounding sequence of increasingly significant events, culminating in Gods remembering Hannah, in the covenant sense described above. The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. In their first encounter, Eli accuses Hannah of wanton drunkenness, which she respectfully denies with the plea, Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial (1:16). See Alter, Art, 8386, for an insightful discussion of this interchange between Hannah and Eli. (1:18). And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord., Type Scene: Obedience to Gods Call. . Type Scene: Chosen Judge. 2. And the child did minister unto the Lord before Eli the priest. 1316, especially 13:5; 16:1620). So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after they had drunk. And they went unto their own home. Alter, Ancient Prophets, 241 n.2; Alter, Art, 8283. And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. 15. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the Lord, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. There is none holy as the Lord: for there is none beside thee: neither is there any rock like our God. Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 December 13, 1924) was a key American labor union leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924. Alter, Ancient Israel, 247 n.0 suggests that Hannahs song and Davids victory psalm echo each other and act as formal bookends to the extended narrative sequence that includes the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David., 51. We may never know for sure whether a covenant perspective actually motivated those who crafted the inherited text over the centuries of its development. We compared the results of the SVV test in two groups of children with ages ranging from 7 to 10 years. Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 5161, makes the case that Samuels divine call is part of a literary genre in the Hebrew Bible by illustrating numerous structural parallels with those of other Israelite prophets. The story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the Hebrew Bible. See Robert Alter, Ancient Israel: The Former Prophets: Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, A Translation with Commentary (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013), 257; Robert Polzin, Samuel and the Deuteronomist: A Literary Study of the Deuteronomic History, Part Two: 1Samuel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 1954; Uriel Simon, Reading Prophetic Narratives, trans. Role. Prior to his call, Samuel did not yet know the Lord; neither was the word of the Lord yet revealed unto him.68 The knowledge of God bestowed on this occasion is personal, powerful, and covenant-based, not familiar and sexual. By contrast, characters in the Hebrew Bible are crafted primarily to serve the texts central ideological purposes. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1980), 4:70, hereafter TDOT. Information about Samuel is contained in The First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon The First Book of Kings). It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 Knew not implies a defining and permanent condition for the sons of Eli; for Samuel, however, did not yet know implies a temporary and transitional condition that would soon be remedied. As conservatives, they must have been torn between the threat to Israel posed by the Philistines and the promise that the new political system, alien to religious and national traditions, offered against this threat. 3. 1 Samuel 30. A precise chronology of the writing and redacting of the Hebrew Bible is uncertain, and the account of Samuels birth and calling certainly took shape before the writing of the Christian Gospels. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. And he said, I called not; lie down again. This ostensibly generous offer from a loving husband introduces other dramatic tensions of the story. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He accuses her of wanton drunkenness, a false assertion that she directly but respectfully corrects. By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. Sternberg recognizes that biblical narratives are distinguished by the dynamic interplay of competing and complementary perspectives: Insofar as the Bible has a poetics as well as a genesis of composition, it establishes a set of norms by which we not only interpret the action but also evaluate the actors by reference to the narrators perspective as artist. Sternberg, Poetics, 155. (Read More) Topics and verses are auto-generated from user searches. Background: Preterm birth continues to be a leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 globally. Key words and word pairs contain covenant connotations and implications, thereby coloring actions, personalities, relationships, and other narrative details in powerful and unmistakable ways. . The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. Shakab contrasts dramatically with yada and connotes physical, temporary, and profane sexual liaisons, undertaken without spiritual purpose, covenant bond, or sacred devotion.58, Leitwrter: remembered and visited. Like his first direct speech, Elkanahs second utterance is also directed at Hannah at a time when she interrupts his traditional ritual pattern. Thus, Samuel is rightly considered to be one of the preeminent personalities of the Hebrew Bible, and his remarkable ministry makes the brief narrative of his birth, childhood, and divine calling worthy of serious examination.3, The present study argues that the literary craftsmanship of the text is as expressive of its meaning as are its descriptive contents. Thus, as crafted, the exposition implies that while the story is of central significance to all Israel (see 1 Sam. Horn is used metaphorically in Hebrew poetry as a distinctive feature of humans and other animals, especially one that is enlarged because the Lord has blessed it. Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy fathers house, that there shall not be an old man in thine house. Genealogy.15 Consistent with the convention of genealogies throughout the Hebrew Bible, the brief genealogy that launches the story of Samuels birth identifies Samuels ancestors as Ephraimites,16 distinguishes the account from the long but unremarkable reign of the judges, and introduces the auspicious but problematic reign of the kings in ancient Israel. The Amalekites are destroyed by David and his men. After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. am I not better to thee than ten sons? If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? Samuel, whose name means heard of God, was dedicated to God by his mother, Hannah, as part of a vow she made before he was born (1 Samuel 1:11). Message. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. On cue the next morning, Eli repeatedly demands that his protg share the details of his encounter with God. We are present only for his encounter with the priest. My great indebtedness to these studies becomes very apparent in the following pages; however, I alone remain responsible for the perspective and conclusions of this study, including any errors or oversights. 60. To this end, the following phrases from the song comment on key personalities, events, and circumstances of the larger story of which it is a part.47, Mine horn is exalted in the Lord (2:1). Genesis 16:5; 18:915; 21:15; 25:21; 29:31. (2:2736; 3:1118). . Shes a mom! Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). He is Senior Curator of the LDS Church History Department, where he has worked his entire career creating museum exhibits, restoring historic sites, and leading initiatives. Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurtures him as only a mother can and thereafter entrusts him to JHWHs priest. 62. Elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, gada is used in reference to felling trees, particularly groves devoted to the worship of pagan gods, or more generally to destroying anything of value as a consequence of wickedness and as a sign of Gods displeasure (for example, Deuteronomy 7:5; Judges 21:6; 2 Chronicles 14:3; 31:1; Psalms 75:10; 107:16; Isaiah 9:10; 14:12; 15:2; 22:25; 45:2; Jeremiah 48:25; 50:23; Ezekiel 6:6). While a literary study of the Bible does not require readers to be proficient in biblical Hebrew or Greek, it does acknowledge that a familiarity with relevant cultural, historical, and linguistic insights is more than useful. Type Scene: Barren Wife. 78. That the narrator of 1Samuel 13 instructively employs this convention is evident from the paired customary behaviors of eating/drinking and fasting, on the one hand, and hearing and seeing, on the other. There is no wickedness in this pitiable old man, but neither is there the strength to combat wickedness, and Yahweh has found himself a strong man to lead Israel aright.. David had been shuffled off to his fathers fields to work as a shepherd boy. From a structural perspective, the song is not only an appropriate expression of personal gratitude for Hannahs heavenly blessing but also a crucial narrative bridge between the initial fulfillment of her vow and the Lords repeated faithful response. Because of his education he was respected by other slaves, and he was a well known preacher and leader. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). Characterization: Husband and Wife. Type scenes. . Eli and sons, Hophni and Phinehas, are mentioned in the initial exposition of the story (1:3), signaling that they will play a key but as yet undefined role in the account of Samuels succession.53 As the drama unfolds, the serious abuses of their priestly positiongluttony of the ritual offering and sexual immoralitybecome the efficient cause of the Lords rejection of Elis house. Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the offerings of Israel my people? Hannahs heartfelt vow begins with the plea to God, look on the affliction of thy handmaid. Although the priest marked her mouth as Hannahs lips moved, Eli does not hear her prayer and grossly misjudges her spiritual intent and therefore her character. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. The result of the action is usually considered enduring and definitive.32 In short, the text projects that her vow to the Lord will be unequivocal and permanent. Verses1126 in 1Samuel provide a more dynamic interplay of these two literary conventions as the text presents three vignettes that condemn the gluttony of Elis sons (2:1217), illustrate Hannahs continued devotion to her firstborn and Elis blessing to Samuels parents (2:1921a), and condemn the promiscuity of Elis sons (2:2225). And Elkanah her husband said unto her, Do what seemeth thee good; tarry until thou hast weaned him; only the Lord establish his word. (2:110), Parallelism. This tradition has two questionable features: Samuel is the only judge who is a permanent magistrate as well as a military leader, and his conclusive victory over the Philistines in chapter 7 cannot be historical, since it is contradicted by the subsequent military exploits of Saul and David. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Hebrew-prophet. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. Characterization: Parents and Children. And he answered, I called not, my son; lie down again. (2:1126). Impact. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. Wherefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for ever: but now the Lord saith, Be it far from me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. 7 to 10 years one night God spoke to Samuel while he was a faithful young servant who God!, the exposition implies that Samuel is ever faithful to his consecrated responsibilities at Shiloh eventually! Story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the kingship of. 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