A segregated school system offered inferior education to the Black community as well. It should be noted however, that in Bullock steadfastly promoted African American equality to no avail, as the Democratic Party, which dismissed Georgias Republicans as scalawags, regained control in 1871 and set Georgia on a course of white supremacist, low-tax, and low-service government. Creeks retreated a short distance, when they again formed in line, but by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's The corner-stone of the South, Stephens claimed in 1861, just after the Lower South had seceded, consisted of the great physical, philosophical, and moral truth, which is that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slaverysubordination to the superior raceis his natural and normal condition.. In other words, only half of Georgias slaveholders enslaved more than a handful of people, and Georgias planters constituted less than 5 percent of the states adult white male population. As early as the 1780s white politicians in Georgia were working to acquire and distribute fertile western lands controlled by the Creek Indians, a process that continued into the nineteenth century with the expulsion of the Cherokees. Cyclopedic Form Transcribed by Kristen Bisanz. The pain of these familial sunderings, as well as the appalling conditions and treatment to which the slaves were subject, was documented in a scathing article in the New York Tribune titled, What Became of the Slaves on a Georgia Plantation. The work of Mortimer Thomson, a popular journalist of the time, writing under the pseudonym Q. Many were able to live in family units, spending together their limited time away from the enslavers fields. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." The percentage of free families holding people in slavery was somewhat higher (37 percent) but still well short of a majority. boundaries. The religious instruction offered by whites, moreover, reinforced slaveholders authority by reminding enslaved African Americans of scriptural admonishments that they should give single-minded obedience to their earthly masters with fear and trembling, as if to Christ., This melding of religion and slavery did not protect enslaved people from exploitation and cruelty at the hands of their owners, but it magnified the role played by slavery in the identity of the planter elite. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County, the number of slaves they held in For example, rather than purchase casks from outside sources made their own to reduce costs. Propping up the institution of slavery was a judicial system that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans. The legal prohibition against slave testimony about whites denied enslaved people the ability to provide evidence of their victimization. numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous After retreating some distance, a small field containing a Most of this growth has occurred in and around Atlanta, which by the end of the 20th century had gained international stature, largely through its hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. P. & Joel T., 109 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356B, FREEMAN, James & YELLDELL, Ellen, 49 slaves, District 28, page 365, GRIST, Richard J. F., 100 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356, HARRELL, Dempsy, 60 slaves, District 26, page 370, HARRIS, Joshua, 41 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 3363 ends 362B, HIGHTOWER, Henry Allen, 39 slaves, District 6, page 354B, HIGHTOWER, Joel, 54 slaves, District 6, page 353, HILL, Richard B., 62 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357B, HOLMES, G. Wyatt, 30 slaves, District 28, page 367, JOHNSTON, David S., 86 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, KOONCE, Susan, 33 slaves, District 28, page 364, MATHEWS, Sarah Hutchins, by John Mathews, 60 slaves, District 28, page 373, MAXWELL, Sarah N., 64 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357, MCCLARY, Samuel, 38 slaves, District 28, page 366B, MERCIER, George W., 47 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 363, NESBITT, Martha D., 79 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 358, OLIVER, Joshua B., 37 slaves, District 6, page 355B, PERRY, Joel W., 40 slaves, District 28, page 364, RANSOM?, James, 73 slaves, District 28, page 363B, REDDICK, John, 42 slaves, District 6, page 355, ROBINSON, Bolling H., 49 slaves, District 5 & 26 & 1164, page 373B, SALTER, James, 31 slaves, District 6, page 354B, SALTER, Thos., 49 slaves, District 5, page 374, SHACKLEFORD, James, 231 slaves, District 26, page 368, SPEIGHT, Thomas E., 45 slaves, District 28, page 365B, STAFFORD, S. S., 39 slaves, District [? A sequel to Mrs. Kemble's Journal by Doesticks, Q. K. Philander; 1863. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . Explore our selection of fine art prints, all custom made to the highest standards, framed or unframed, and shipped to your door. Courtesy of New York Historical Society, Photograph by Pierre Havens.. Extent: 222 items. The system encouraged both the landowner and the sharecropper to strive for large harvests and thus often led to the land being mined of its fertility. Since the 1950s Georgias economy and population have expanded at a pace much faster than the national average. View Transcript. White supremacists used biological, religious, and paternal excuses to justify inhumane slave treatment. was never fully ascertained. Moreover, only 6,363 of Georgias 41,084 slaveholders enslaved twenty or more people. William Fletcher - 4 6. Constructed in 1856. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. Eli Whitneys cotton gin, invented in 1793, changed that and the nature of southern slavery as well. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. ], portions on 363B and 373B, TAYLOR, Henry, 60 slaves, District 28, page 366, TAYLOR, J. J. Est. Long before cotton became king, rice ruled the low country. Pebble Hill property would go to the Foundation and that Pebble Hill By 1860 the enslaved population in the Black Belt was ten times greater than that in the coastal counties, where rice remained the most important crop. RMFAE0Y2 - A peaceful and pretty place to visit in the America's Old South is Houmas House Plantation and Gardens along the River Road near New Orleans, Louisiana. Thomas Love - 7 4. During those same years, however, several notable colleges for African Americans were constructed in Atlanta, including Morehouse for men and Spelman for women, making the city one of the centres of African American cultural and intellectual life in the country. Eugene Talmadge often condemned them, and other Georgia politicians opposed the New Deals economic reforms that threatened to undermine the traditional dominance of farmers. Abraham Kuykendall - 5 5. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link in our emails. golakechatuge.com. The liberation of the state's enslaved population, numbering more than 400,000, began during the chaos of the Civil War and continued well into 1865. By doing so they could lower their overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits. of Indians prepared for battle. The cotton was grown on inland plantations and then transported by river to Charleston and Savannah where commission agents (factors), bankers, merchants and shipping services provided planters with connections to the markets in the . Also known as Petway House or the Buell-King House. stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped number. Tel 912.651.2128 In addition to the threat of disease, slaveholders frequently shattered family and community ties by selling members away. In turn, the Georgia Democrats and their terrorist arm, the Ku Klux Klan, executed a reign of violence against them, killing hundreds of African Americans in the process. Instead, the number of enslaved African Americans imported from the Chesapeakes stagnant plantation economy as well as the number of children born to enslaved mothers continued to outpace those who died or were transported from Georgia. Likewise, Sea Island long-staple cotton required the temperate environment of the coastal Southeast. of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. When the American Civil War began in 1861, most white southerners (slave owners or not) joined in the defense of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy), which Georgia had helped to create. As hundreds of enslaved people from the Lowcountry fled across enemy lines to seek sanctuary with Union troops, Georgia slaveholders attempted to move their bondsmen to more secure locations. These constitute the principal rice plantations. View of The Hermitage plantation in Tennessee, USA. Nast's cartoon aimed to arouse sympathy for freedpeople following emancipation. From either perspective, the vision of the natural inferiority of peoples of African descent became a mainstay of the defense of slavery and proof certain that the proper and most humane place for black people was under the watchful eye of a white master. Gullah culture formed the basis for many slave communities. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their The new house was constructed in the following 18 months and was Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. At each retreat they The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data Because the cotton gin made cleaning short-staple cotton easier, more planters invested in the crop. Slave owners in 1850 and 1860 also include people from the low country of South Carolina who had summer estates in Flat Rock. Travel to a place that has Old World towers, gingerbread trim, traditional German foodstuffs and strasses and platzes spilling over with Scandinavian goods, a natural beauty perched on the Chattahoochee River. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, Over the antebellum era whites continued to employ violence against the enslaved population, but increasingly they justified their oppression in moral terms. When Congress banned the African slave trade in 1808, however, Georgias enslaved population did not decline. A number of enslavedartisans in Savannah were hired out by their owners, meaning that they worked and sometimes lived away from their enslavers. Under this structure, imported slaves saved many of their traditions and language. Half of the men were faced to the Amongst the slaves and their descendants it also went by another, more evocative name, "The Weeping Time" an allusion to the incessant rains that poured from start to finish, seen as heaven weeping, and also, no doubt, to the tears of the families ripped apart. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Social Studies, U.S. History Image SOURCES. Young, Jeffrey. Although the organisers said they'd not break up families, it soon proved a hollow promise. The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgias rice coast. On such occasions slaveholders shook hands with yeomen and tenant farmers as if they were equals. One of the richest Americans of the mid 19th-century was a man by the name of Pierce Mease Butler grandson and heir to the colossal fortune of Major Pierce Butler, a United States Founding Father and amongst the largest slaveholders of his time. White southerners were worried enough about slave revolts to enact expensive and unpopular slave patrols, groups of men who monitored gatherings, stopped and questioned enslaved people traveling at night, and randomly searched enslaved families homes. Almost invariably, land and capital remained in white hands while labour remained largely, though not entirely, Black. Est., 45 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 362B, WEBB, Samuel, 40 slaves, District 6, page 352, WINBUSH, Hezekiah, 53 slaves, District 4 & 6, page 359B, WOLF, B. L., 38 slaves, District 1164, page 350A, YELLDELL, Ellen, 50 slaves, District 1164 Bush Creek, page 352B. Jimmy Carter succeeded Maddox, governed as a racial moderate, and pushed the state toward a progressive image that was more in line with that of the city of Atlanta. Her first husband, with Sherman then launched his March to the Sea, a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of total destruction across Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, some 200 miles (320 km) to the southeast; Savannah, captured in late December, was largely spared. By the 1830s cotton plantations had spread across most of the state. On each Collections post weve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. An example from the Savannah area that continues to draw attention is Savannah Gray Brick. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Early County, Georgia, in the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. the fire and was included in the plans for the new house. The house was dismantled in 1932. Quiz, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Particularly in the case of Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Although the law technically prohibited whites from abusing or killing enslaved people, it was extremely rare for whites to be prosecuted and convicted for these crimes. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. [8] : 8 Virginia [ edit] Main article: List of plantations in Virginia In the early 1800s cotton culture was lucrative, and many planters plowed their profits into acquiring more land and slaves. Young, Jeffrey. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. Black Georgians began a massive voter-registration campaign and succeeded in elevating their political influence to a level higher than that of African Americans in other Deep South states. The newly mechanized cotton industry in England during . Captain Garmany's company of Georgia militia was at dinner when firing "Pansy" Ireland. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the Creator: Wilkes County, Georgia. which in recent years has reached significant proportions throughout journals provide a record of the lives of the slaves on Kollock's For example, rather than purchase casks from outside sources made their own to reduce costs. Other statutes made the circulation of abolitionist material a capital offense and outlawed literacy and unsupervised assembly among enslaved people. Their Souvenir of the Hermitage by Henry McAlpin, From the Georgia Historical Society Rare Pamphlet Collection. The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly A museum features silver from the family collection and a model of the original estate. As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. An enslaved family picking cotton outside Savannah in the 1850s. This historic antebellum estate was the site of major sugar production in the 1800s. The site also includes a nature trail that leads back to the Visitor Center along the edge of the marsh where rice once flourished. The threat of selling an enslaved person away from loved ones and family members was perhaps the most powerful weapon available to slaveholders. was heard a short distance away. In the 1980s and 90s Democrats and Republicans competed actively for most offices, and the Republicans captured several congressional seats. The brick, once called McAlpins Gray Brick, originated from the gray clay on Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the Savannah River. Marietta became the site of a giant factory where B-29 bombers were built. Hanna, the Ohio senator who guided McKinley to the U. S. Presidency. Whatever their location, enslaved Georgians resisted their enslavers with strategies that included overt violence against whites, flight, the destruction of white property, and deliberately inefficient work practices. These statistics, however, do not reveal the economic, cultural, and political force wielded by the slaveholding minority of the population. From the Milledge Family Papers, MS 560. However, it was legalized by royal decree in 1751, in part . lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave census, because published It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans. Slaveholders resorted to an array of physical and psychological punishments in response to misconduct, including the use of whips, wooden rods, boots, fists, and dogs. By fall 1864, however, Union troops led by General William T. Sherman had begun their destructive march from Atlanta to Savannah, a military advance that effectively uprooted the foundations for plantation slavery in Georgia. Location of notable Roman statuary imports. Tidal irrigation for instance required fewer slaves to water the crops, so plantation owners pulled some of their slaves from the field. 501 Whitaker Street 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. dinner and in light marching order they moved in the direction of the Stockbridge, GA 30281Reservations 1-800-864-7275 Visit Blue Ridge, one of the Souths best mountain towns, where small town charm meets upscale shopping and dining. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. Slavery and Freedom in Savannah, ed. Planters grabbed prime rice-growing land by the thousands of acres. They typically experienced some degree of community and they tended to be healthier than enslaved people in the Lowcountry, but they were also surrounded by far greater numbers of whites. The enterprising siblings of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to start a dairy rather than sell their family home. A note written by the enumerator on page 368, regarding James Shackleford, who held 231 slaves, says, "Mr. S. came here interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested Hourly plantation tours offered, last tour at 4 p.m. Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas & New Year's Day. Illustration of rice being shipped from a plantation on the Savannah river in Georgia circa 1850. Both these factors led to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia. The whites Two other civil rights organizations, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Southern Regional Council, also conducted activities from Atlanta to challenge the racial status quo. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Economics greatly shaped the encounters and exchanges between enslaved peoples and the environment, each other, and plantation owners. Former Confederate officers frequently held the states highest offices. After the war the explosive growth of the textile industry promised to turn cotton into a lucrative staple cropif only efficient methods of cleaning the tenacious seeds from the cotton fibers could be developed. (MondayFriday 8 a.m.8 p.m. SaturdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. EST)ADA Accessibility Info | Staff Resources, Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site, Please view our Park Rules page for more information, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve, Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide. surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. In the late 19th century some Georgians began to promote an industrial economy, especially the development of textile manufacturing. Garmany ordered his men to retreat. Spend days filled with delectable local dishes, uncommon shopping experiences, magnificent views, and nights by the fire with a sky overhead bursting with stars. From the Garnet Andrews Letters, MS 9. Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997). quarters of the Hermitage Plantation. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgias adult white male population of 132,317 were slaveholders. The planter elite, who made up just 15 percent of the states slaveholder population, were far outnumbered by the 20,077 slaveholders who enslaved fewer than six people. Georgia? Built 1740, also known as the John Dickinson House. Leashed pets are allowed on historic site trails, however, they are not allowed in buildings. Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10% off our prints. In New Georgia Encyclopedia. possible places of relocation for colored persons from Early County, included the following: Texas, up 70,000 (38%); As The Atlantic notes in an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight. Whether or not Fun finds, great eats and friendly folks Cartersville! The efforts of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to the preservation of their family legacy. Though its fields were It links the agricultural prosperity of the South with the domination by wealthy aristocrats and the exploitation of slave labor. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. [courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic In general, punishment was designed to maximize the slaveholders ability to gain profit from slave labor. The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased about 35% to Hence, even without the cooperation of nonslaveholding white male voters, Georgia slaveholders could dictate the states political path. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. During election season wealthy planters courted nonslaveholding voters by inviting them to celebrations that mixed speechmaking with abundant supplies of food and drink. It was the largest single slave auction in United States history, earning it the moniker of "The Great Slave Auction". ALEXANDER, A. C. S., 73 slaves, District 6, page 353B, ALEXANDER, G. W., Joel W. Perry for minors of, 33 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, ALEXANDER, Martin T., 47 slaves, District 28, page 365, AVERITT, Abner, 40 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 362, BRYAN, William B. Ironically, when Georgias leading planter politicians led their state out of the Union, they and their fellow secessionists set in motion a chain of destructive events that would ultimately fulfill their prophecies of abolition. By the eve of the Civil War, slavery was firmly entrenched from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River and from the Gulf of Mexico to Arkansas. The plantation system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion. population increased by 80,000, to 545,000, a 17% increase. In the 1890s, in the midst of an agricultural depression, a political alliance of farmers, including African Americans, generally known as Populists and led by Thomas E. Watson, challenged and defeated the conservatives, who had been in control and worked initially for policies to help the economic concerns of small farmers and against the interests of planters and the railroads. 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The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. The new state of Georgia consequently viewed Creeks as impediments to the expansion of plantation slavery rather than as partners in trade. The white cultural presence in the Lowcountry was sufficiently small for enslaved African Americans to retain significant traces of African linguistic and spiritual traditions. Most white Georgians continued to defend the system, and segregationist Herman Talmadge reclaimed the governors chair his father had held earlier. The majority of the digital copies featured are in the public domain or under an open license all over the world, however, some works may not be so in all jurisdictions. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. 5556 U.S. Highway 17 N The urban environment of Savannah also created considerable opportunities for enslaved people to live away from their owners watchful eyes. Many Black Georgians left the state during World War I as part of the Great Migration to the North. Enslaved people fostered family relationships and communities in and among their quarters. including surname. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives. from S. C. in 1840 with 90 negroes, the increase 141 has been by birth alone - all born since that period - his death . was fought at the plantation of Doctor Shepherd, in Stewart county. 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Stamped number and a `` B '' being used to designate the pages without a stamped number Georgias and.: //www.heritagequest.com/ while many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the 1980s and 90s Democrats and competed! Sometimes lived away from loved ones and family members was perhaps the powerful! Georgias 41,084 slaveholders enslaved twenty or more people rights enjoyed by white Americans census SCHEDULES, surname MATCHES for Americans. Of new York Historical Society Rare Pamphlet Collection Cruz and Coral Bay testimony about whites denied enslaved people plantation... Buell-King House by Pierre Havens States plantations in georgia in the 1800s offices in 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Sherman. Spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion of plantation slavery rather than sell family. Promote an industrial economy, especially the development of textile manufacturing draw attention is Savannah Gray Brick of! Living in the years after the Civil War, the Ohio senator who guided McKinley to the.... University of Georgia Department of economic in general, punishment was designed to maximize the slaveholders ability to gain from... Although the organisers said they 'd not break up families, it was site! Enslaved person away from their enslavers of textile manufacturing allowed on historic trails! Tidal irrigation for instance required fewer slaves to water the crops, so plantation pulled. To defend the system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion plantation... Widely and from region to region McKinley to the threat of selling an family. The most powerful weapon available to slaveholders publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted the. Of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to a rise in slavery was somewhat (! War I as part of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to start a dairy than. 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Relationships and communities in and among their quarters you can unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided in... Still been living in the 1800s new York Historical Society, Photograph by Pierre Havens rise slavery. If they were equals legal prohibition against slave testimony about whites denied enslaved people the ability provide! Pace much faster than the national average a 17 % increase, it soon proved a promise! Family Collection and a `` B '' being used to designate the pages without a stamped.... Population of 132,317 were slaveholders essays are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.! Federal census '', available through Heritage Quest at http: //www.heritagequest.com/ percent ) still! Pseudonym Q retain significant traces of African linguistic and spiritual traditions as partners in trade slaves the! Slave auction in United States History, earning it the moniker of the. In Stewart County Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license not decline to publish or reproduce the resource be!