Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. He changed his name to Saigo Sasuke, and the domain government declared him dead. Satsuma Rebellion. In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. Updates? The formal ceremony took place on April 4, 1868, and the former shogun was even allowed to keep his head! By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. [3], To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saig established a private academy known as the Shi-gakk in Kagoshima. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. A battalion was 672 men strong and was organized as per the line battalions. Szczepanski, Kallie. "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Despite a rocky relationship with the new daimyo of Satsuma, Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu, Saigo soon was back in the fray. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). He was born on May 26 th in the fourth year of Keian (, 1651). During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. The first prints portraying the rebellion did not appear until early March, likely due to government restrictions on coverage "prohibiting the 'publication in newspapers of material about the Army for Subjugation of the Kumamoto Rebels. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. It signaled the beginning of the Japanese Imperial Army's rise to domination in eastern Asia, which would end only with Japan's eventual defeat in World War II almost seven decades later. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. The Satsuma Rebellion. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. Great Essays. shizoku rebellion. Saigo suspected that the Koreans might assassinate him, but felt that his death would be worthwhile if it gave Japan a truly legitimate reason to attack its neighbor. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. In the end, he was killed by the imperial army he organized. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. Request Permissions. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Meanwhile, the Joseon Dynasty in Korea refused to recognize the Mutsuhito as an emperor, because it traditionally recognized only the Chinese emperor as suchall other rulers were mere kings. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. The shogunate's troops were well-armed, but their leaders had no consistent strategy, and they failed to cover their own flanks. Omissions? Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages. In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . Primary Sources 1. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. The samurai didn't hesitate to answer this questio. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. A major underlying issue within many cultures in the world is the struggle to either hold on to traditions and values or to move . The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. Statements. Satire picture of Boshin War, diptych. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. Ravina, Mark. Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army In 1877, the samurai of Satsuma province and their reluctant leader, Takamori Saigo, hurled a final challenge at Japan's westernizing government. the authority of the Mikado's government, and form the nucleus of a permanent force, which was now seen . HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. The Imperial Artillery consisted of 18 batteries divided into 9 battalions, with 120 men per battery during peacetime. Format: Paperback. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. A myth persists that the head was never found. His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan. image. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { (2021, September 2). Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. The government, however, refused to negotiate. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. They resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it. [1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. Satsuma Rebellion. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Advertisement Advertisement. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Later woodcut prints depicted the rebel leader kneeling to commit traditional seppuku, but that would not have been possible given his filariasis and shattered leg. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Saigo Takamori of Japan is known as the Last Samurai, who lived from 1828 to 1877 and is remembered to this day as the epitome of bushido, the samurai code. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. Japanese Government Documents, 1867-1889 (special issue of Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan; 1914), by Japan, ed. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. Tensions with the government mounted after members of the private-school faction raided an ammunitions depot in early 1877 (Meiji 10), and secret agents were dispatched by the government to Kagoshima to spy on them. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. Fighting continued into the night. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. 0 references. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. Feb. 15, 2023. Following the repression of the Satsuma Rebellion, a samurai uprising in 1877, Japan again forged ahead toward political unity, but there was an increasing trend of antigovernment protest from below, which was epitomized by the Movement for Peoples Rights. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. Szczepanski, Kallie. Wikipedia. [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. Just four days after his return, he had an audience with the daimyo, Hisamitsu, who shocked him by appointing him commander of the Satsuma army in Kyoto. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. Improved Essays. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. On its march to Kumamoto castle, the army was divided into three divisions; a vanguard of 4,000 men, the main division of 4,000 men, and a rearguard of 2,000 men. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. As none of the eyewitness accounts mention a wound to the abdomen, or any fresh sword wound at all, it is unknown if Saig pierced his stomach with his sword. Not being allowed to travel by sea, he went back to Satsuma by land, following the historic route he and other nobles had so often taken before. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. However, he was never able to reconcile his love of samurai tradition with the demands of modernizing the nation. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." instance of. Monumenta Nipponica. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. Saig also started an artillery school. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on Takao constituted an act of lse-majest. The Satsuma Rebellion. Many of the warrior Samurai during the Seinan war (Satsuma rebellion) used the tosei (modern / post 1540) style samurai armor which consisted of a ni-mai . Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. 20-11-2011 19:18:05 ZULU. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. However, the shogun began to purge pro-imperial politicians, forcing Gessho to seek Saigo's help in escaping to Kagoshima, where the new Satsuma daimyo, unfortunately, refused to protect the pair from shogun officials. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. Publication Date: 2006. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. Saig was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. 150,000 YEN UNSIGNED. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. Kyushu, Kysh region, Japan. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877 of Jesus it is not clear what was with... Hold on to traditions and values or to dig in and defend.... In a pincer movement to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it lie. Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement they resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance refiring! Asiatic Society of Japan, ed University Press, July 1994 2021, September 2 ) Press... Such as the Smith & Wesson Model no to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu end for Japan samurai! Class, and commander of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the to... May 26 th in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma began... 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