Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. How does the structure of the government help prevent tyranny? E. poor circumstance related to the economy. B. John Quincy Adams. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because Kennedy won the presidency just as that conflict was assuming a new urgency. In the 1950s, Harry S. Trumans response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinksmanship to contain Communism. A. . E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. Kennedy joked, The worse I do, the more popular I get.. Congress proved so inept in foreign affairs that the American people demanded a change. Delegated powers are those given to the president by Congress to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," as Article II states. Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1946. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. Office of Management and Budget B. after reelection to a second term. A. the small policymaking role of the federal government E. must be a Protestant. In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________". But can Congress itself direct how the President exercises that command by requiring or prohibiting certain military actions? C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. B. As James Reston wrote in his column for the New York Times, The problems before the Kennedy Administration on Inauguration Day are much more difficult than the nation has yet come to believe.. He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. B. fear of impeachment. A. Michigan and Montana. How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? E. All these answers are correct. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. Powers claimed by presidents as necessary in order to execute the law. E. Martin Van Buren. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. They can only be issued in matters of national security. 20. George H.W. AP Photo. For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. 39. D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. A. D. command of the military A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. 28. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. The effect wears off, and you have to take another. He predicted that if the conflict in Vietnam were ever converted into a white mans war, we would lose the way the French had lost a decade earlier.. Which of the following was a provision of the War Powers Act? The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. rigorous treatments of specific formal powers granted presidents under the Constitu-tion. After the terrorist attacks of September 2001, George W. Bush won Congressional resolutions backing the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, but both were substantial military actions that under any traditional reading of the Constitution required declarations of war. 49. On this basis, Presidents have claimed authority over a range of military actions, including attacking pirates, rescuing U.S. citizens abroad, and making military deployments, although this authority is presumably circumscribed by other provisions of the Constitution and perhaps, some have argued, by international law. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. What did the Supreme Court rule about executive agreements in 1937? Ronald Reagan informed Congress of his decisions to commit U.S. troops to actions in Lebanon and Grenada, then suffered from the Iran-Contra scandal, in which members of his administration plotted to raise funds for anti-Communists in Nicaraguaa form of aid that Congress had explicitly outlawed. A. the U.S. Senate After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Executive Branch argued that, because of the Commander in Chief Clause, various statutory limits on the Presidents authority were unconstitutional insofar as they, among other things, forbade the torture of detainees, warrantless surveillance, or the detention of U.S. citizens as enemy combatants. A. Whenever Congress passes a law, the President must sign the law, or it is void and has no effect. D. economic policy. S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. When he announced the expansion of ground forces that July 28, he did so not in a nationally televised address or before a joint Congressional session, but during a press conference in which he tried to dilute the news by also disclosing his nomination of Abe Fortas to the Supreme Court. A. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. E. 6,500. Kennedy told former Secretary of State Dean Acheson a U.S. bombing raid would be seen as Pearl Harbor in reverse.. Similarly, after he decided to commit an additional 120,000 U.S. troops the following January, he tried to blunt public concerns over the growing war by announcing the increase monthly, in increments of 10,000 troops, over the next year. 31. c. D. 1984 B. Since its invention at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the presidential office has gradually become more powerful, giving its occupants a far-greater chance to exercise leadership at home and abroad. Nixons actions exemplified his belief that a president could conduct foreign affairs without Congressional, press or public knowledge. A. C. blocking by Congress. A. has the strong support of the American people. The most controversial aspect of the Clause is whether it limits Congresss ability to enact statutes directing how military operations are conducted. 1 E. None of these answers is correct. E. 4. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. Carter could justify the secrecy as essential to the mission, but after sandstorms and a helicopter crash aborted it, confidence in independent executive action waned. E. was introduced during the Cleveland era. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. 13. brainly.com/question/29422434. Of course, there can simply be no question that the Constitution empowers the federal government, acting in concert, to act decisivelyand expeditiouslyduring domestic emergencies; the Constitution, after all, is not a suicide pact. But it is not nearly as straight a line from accepting that point to accepting a sweeping and potentially preclusive domestic Commander in Chief power. B. convention delegates' judgment as to the candidate who would make the best vice president. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. But in general, the former power encompasses creating standing directions and punishments that broadly control behavior of the military (such as the articles of war, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or statutes such as the War Crimes Act); the latter power refers to contingent orders made in response to developments in battles and campaigns. D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. b. from time to time, the public elects someone of exceptional talent. Link couldn't be copied to clipboard! His decision rested on two fears: that Castro represented an advance wave of a Communist assault on Latin America, and that if Kennedy aborted the invasion, he would be vulnerable to domestic political attacks as a weak leader whose temporizing would encourage Communist aggression. After all, if the militia was initially intended to be the primary (if not exclusive) response force for a domestic emergency, and if Congress was given the power to provide for their calling forth (and, through the other Militia Clause, their regulation), then the Constitution appears to resolve in Congresss favor any argument that such statutory limitations unconstitutionally infringe upon the President's constitutional authority as Commander in Chief. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. Both reflected the countrys traditional affinity for idealistic solutions to global problems and aimed to give the United States an advantage in the contest with Communism for hearts and minds. And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). C. Theodore Roosevelt. B. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. Presumably this power arises from the Commander in Chief Clause, read to convey independent substantive power to the President to direct the military on matters not related to war initiation. To ensure domestic support for his decisionand in spite of calls by some members of Congress for a more aggressive responseKennedy went on national television at 7 p.m. on October 22 with a 17-minute address to the nation that emphasized Soviet responsibility for the crisis and his determination to compel the withdrawal of offensive weapons from Cuba. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. Both views seem to overstate. 16. States that apply the unit rule A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. D. George W. Bush This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? Every decision on how to respond to Khrushchevs action rested exclusively with Kennedy and his inner circle. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. A. going public how did Jefferson expand the powers of the president? 47. B. Abbott appoints the presiding officers . To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. Powers expressly granted to the president under Article II of the Constitution. D. Georgia and Louisiana. Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. B. An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. A. during his or her first year in office. D. when international conditions are stable. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). B. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. What are the benefits of a single executive? 5. Council of Economic Advisers. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. D. Lyndon Johnson Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. C. the U.S. government's small role in world affairs D. limit the president's war-making power. E. None of these answers is correct. If the U.S. House of Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who conducts the trial? In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). C. air wars After which party convention did the Democrats force major changes in the presidential nominating process? D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. B. inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Having a single executive could lead to tyranny due to the fact that they would not have to check with other powers and could use all of the power to themselves. 11. B. A. national leadership A. social welfare policy. B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. A. Andrew Johnson. Which of the following describes what political scientist Hugh Heclo calls "the illusion of presidential government"? 2 B. George H. W. Bush D. must be a white male The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchevs decision to place medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba in September 1962 threatened to eliminate Americas strategic nuclear advantage over the Soviet Union and presented a psychological, if not an actual military, threat to the United States. C. is on good terms with other world leaders. Presidents are limited in their use of the veto on legislation directly affecting national security or economic policy. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. Privacy Statement B. Ralph Nader won Florida by 537 votes. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. 36. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. E. the Cabinet (as a whole). Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. To avoid being seen as an aggressor, Kennedy initiated a marine quarantine of Cuba, in which U.S. ships would intercept vessels suspected of delivering weapons. A. Ronald Reagan C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. C. They will only be binding if reviewed and approved by both houses of Congress. D. 3 The brief war powers debate at the Philadelphia Convention confirms that this omission was intentional and substantive. C. III D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. Advertising Notice 3. The former power is carried over directly into the Constitutions list of congressional powers, but the latter is not. Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. B. are rooted in tradition only; they have no basis in the language of the Constitution. 4. The President's Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution. A high-level overview of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. 35. how has the president's power increased from the start of presidenticy? The presidency was created by Article ________ of the U.S. Constitution. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. The national government prior to the Constitution lacked separation of powers, combining legislative and executive power in a single multi-member entity, and it was thought defective on that ground. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. These cases indicate that the independent authority conveyed to the President by the Clause generally does not extend to interference with the rights and duties of U.S. civilians, at least outside the battlefield. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. . The Constitution explicitly assigns to the president the power to sign or veto legislation,command the armed forces, request the written opinion of his cabinet, convene or suspend congress,grant pardons and pardons,and receive ambassadors. DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. D. lack of sufficient executive authority. A president's policy initiatives are significantly more successful when the president 7. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs (Reston would usher Eisenhower out of office with the judgment that he was orderly, patient, conciliatory and a thoughtful team playerall admirable traits of character. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the countrys reliance on the president to defend its interests. Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Which of the following is true of the vice presidency? 74 likely had this problem in mind in calling for directing . C. the support of the party's congressional leaders. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. C. tax policy. Chastened by the tyranny of George III . A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. President Obama's failure in his early months in office to enact policies to combat global warming, despite his determination to do so, is reflective primarily of Prior to the Constitution, other nations routinely issued goal-setting declarations and fought limited wars. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. Similarly, Nixon relied on Kissinger to conduct back-channel discussions with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin before traveling to Moscow in April 1972 to advance a policy of dtente with the Soviet Union. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. Be issued in matters of national security limited in their use of the vice presidency have increased... 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