Isaac Franklin and John Armfield (1828-1837) were the first to use the property as a slave pen. There was one place en route, however, with a small slave marketAberdeen, Mississippi. Uncle Isaac was different. John Armfield (1797-1871) was an American slave trader. His parents named him Clifton M. Boxley. Just outside town, the Trace comes to an end at a shabby intersection. On May 1st, descendants of Isaac Franklin and John Armfield visited Sewanee's campus "on a search for greater truth about their family, its troubling past, and its connection to the University of the South." Check out Kate Parrish's write up on Sewanee Features below. Reading lights look like converted oil lamps. In 1834, the two men became family when Armfield married Franklins niece. Explore genealogy for John Armfield born abt. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. The negroes are happy, he says repeatedly. Isaac Franklin put a building right where that muffler shop issee the peach-colored shed, across the street? The older I get, the more tolerant I become. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. Some museum curators know about it, too. But names and history contain shadows.). Born about 1730 [location unknown] Son. One lost friend wrote: Mr. EditorI was bred and born in Virginia, but am unable to name the county, for I was so young that I dont recollect it; but I remember I lived twelve miles from a town called Danville.I was sold to a speculator whose name was Wm. It was like buying a car today. There is great demand for fancy maids, [but] I was disappointed in not finding your Charlottesville maid that you promised me. Franklin told the Virginia office to send the Charlottesville maid right away by ship. My ancestor James was dabbling in some slave dealing on these tripssmall amount, nothing big. As the gang fell in, Armfield and his men made jokes, standing near, laughing and smoking cigars.. He and his young wife came with a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadelphia in 1718. The first thing that meets the eye in Thomsons house is a large portrait of Isaac Franklin. It is an easy chat between strangers, until I bring up the slave days. Every few miles, Armfield and his chained-up gang came to a toll station. Two phone calls later, one of the living Franklins answers. When Franklin wed a rich socialite in 1839, he had been raping the same enslaved woman for about five years and had fathered a child with her, Rothman said. That was just part of life. I read, in many places, that slave traders had sex with the women they bought and sold. So as far as hating him, I dont have a strong dislike for him. All the servants were black. On the block was one of the most beautiful young women I ever saw. Watch out for my Jim Crow kitchen, he says from the other room. Part of Virginias section of that highway is known as the Lee-Jackson Highway, a love note to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, the two Confederate generals. Armfield. But Sarah seems happy.. And then they were goneout to plantations in northern Louisiana, or central Mississippi, or southern Alabama. Map sources: Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; Edward Ball; Guilbert Gates; Dacus Thompson; Sonya Maynard, Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library, Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, AP Photo/The Natchez Democrat, Ben Hillyer, Subscribe to Smithsonian magazine now for just $12. This is the oldest settled portion of the state and bears the appearance of great comfort, refinement and elegance, Waller wrote. The public recognition for Forks of the Road is for the ancestors who cannot speak for themselves.. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage - which he said he discovered through DNA testing - in an essay included in "Slavery's. I have not seen him for ten years. The only reason why we are in America is because our ancestors were force-brought in chains to help build the country. She was about sixteen, dressed in a cheap striped woolen gown, and bareheaded.. Here the mountains thicken into the Appalachian South of deep hollows and secret hills. Armfield may have been less extroverted, but he, too, drew accolades for his social graces. Imagine a white woman asks a question:This story is hard for me to listen to and to understand. They bought shoes for them, blankets for them, brought in doctors to treat them. If you carry hatred or strong dislike for people, all you are doing is hurting yourself.. Historians know about the Slave Trail. Oh, no. They probably would have had to kill me, with my temperament. She laughs again. Americas forgotten migration the journeys of a million African-Americans from the tobacco South to the cotton South, Edward Ball; Photographs by Wayne Lawrence. At the Forks, there were no auctions, only haggling. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Daniels expression empties. So it must be true. As autumn gathered in 1834, the caravan that John Armfield handed over left Tennessee, bound for Natchez. The slave-trade site it mentions, Masperos Exchange, was diagonally across the street from the sandwich place.. Here it is. Watching the things burn. What do you think about Isaac Franklin? The Valley Turnpike once ran on its edge, and the coffle of 300 saw the place from the road. We were handcuffed in pairs, with iron staples and bolts, recalled Charles Ball, who marched in several coffles before he escaped from slavery. In NC by 1760 - aound then came to NC with son William (oldest ), and 20 other men exploring. The coffles followed the same routethrough Kingston, Crab Orchard, Monterey, Cookeville, Gordonsville, Lebanon and, finally, Nashville. At the center of the hotel was a rotunda 100 feet in diameterover which rises a dome as lofty as a church spire, a reporter for theMilwaukee Daily Sentinelwrote. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. Their good reputations persisted after retirement. Its been a long time. The words Virginia Negroes signaled a kind of brand, Greenwald says. I mean, people who do not understand the old lifestylestheir standpoint on life, and their education, are what today we consider limited. Outside universities and museums, the story of the Slave Trail lives in shards, broken and scattered. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. Visitation will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM at the Royer Funeral Home (100 Royer Ln, Grain Valley, MO 64029). At this point in the journey, other spurs, from Louisville and Lexington to the north, joined the main path of the Slave Trail. He ran it with great success in his final years, earning visits from very prominent people, including archbishops and the mayor of Nashville, according to Rothman. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Sarah Ann $675, Louisa $650. I started following its footsteps, hoping to find traces of the Slave Trail of Tears. Pretense and bluster rub shoulders with the plain and dejected. No, I dont believe in revisionist history.. My mother was sold from me: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in last seen ads. She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. Through it all, both regularly raped the women they bought and sold and joked about it in letters, a shared habit that deepened their friendship. Many of the cottages were later acquired by successful merchants and professionals from Nashville and other places in Middle Tennessee. She was sold for $1250 to one of the most lecherous-looking old brutes I ever set eyes on, the reporter noted. I shall proceed to sell sixty slaves, of various ages, in families, Hite said. The migration swelled to a widening stream. I never heard of any mistreatment. The brig held 201 captives, with 149 sent by John Armfield sharing the misfortune of being on board with 5 people shipped by tavernkeeper Eli Legg to a trader named James Diggs, and 47 shipped. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. Ten thousand dollars was a considerable sum in 1834the equivalent of nearly $300,000 today. In their heyday, Isaac Franklin and John Armfield sold between 1,000 and 2,000 enslaved people per year, and by the time Franklin died in 1846, his estate was valued at $710,000 almost $24. Freedom-seekers risked brutal punishment and retribution against . Isaac had a child by a black woman before he married, Thomson says. After Duck River, in Tennessee, came the Keg Springs Stand. Franklin and Armfield transported an estimated 10,000 enslaved people over the course of their careers, according to Rothman. They continued in black newspapers until World War I, fully 50 years after Emancipation. He was an amateur slave trader, not a pro like Armfield, and his journey, though from another year, is even better documented. They packed flatboats with whiskey, tobacco, cotton and hogs, floated them down to New Orleans, sold the goods on the levee, and then sold the boat, Thomson says. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. Cookie Settings, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia, Illustrated map by Laszlo Kubinyi. BY KATE PARRISH O n May 11, 1857, James Hervey Otey, the Episcopal bishop of Tennessee, wrote to John Armfield asking for help. Then the coffle, like a giant serpent, uncoiled onto Duke Street and marched west, out of town and into a momentous event, a blanked-out saga, an unremembered epic. My name was Mary, and I was nine years old when sold to a trader named Walker, who carried us to North Carolina. The people who accompanied him included a boy of 8 or 9 called Pleasant; Mitchell, who was 10 or 11; a teenage boy named Samson; three teenage sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy; Henry, about 17; a man named Nelson and his wife; a man in his 20s called Foster; and a young mother named Sarah, with her daughter Indian, about age 2. Thats on the Internet. But I recognize the melody, and let the song pass. She was fancier than he. This story is a selection from the November issue of Smithsonian magazine. The chain gang also has roots in the Slave Trail. He was sold to a man from Mississippi, his mother to a man from Texas. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. The three sisters had been taken from their parents, as had Pleasant, Mitchell and Samson. The city government passed an ordinance that banned all long-distance dealers selling people within the city limits. It was all he did for the rest of his professional life, right up until he retired. You need to look that up. It ran to 900 pages. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. Approaching the former Franklin house, I pass the golf course and clubhouse. John Armfield. But the historian Heather Williams has unearthed a handful of reunions. The female slaves were warming themselves. In Gallatin, I drive out to look at the old Franklin estate. You have Robert H. Elam operating in the site over there. It reads, in uppercase Helvetica, STAND UP HELP SAVE FORKS OF THE ROAD SLAVE MARKET SITES NATCHEZ MS. He often holds the sign while standing next to the patch of grass that is the only visible remnant of Forks of the Road. I am married to a man with four children. John Armfield Salmon 6 MAY 1823 - 12 FEB 1886 Benjamin Campsall ABT 1769 - JAN 1861 Elizabeth Campsall 10 FEB 1800 - 24 JUL 1874 Ann Thompson ABT 1767 - Family Group Sheet - Child. I say, your great-great-grandparents were enslaved persons. Isaac Franklin, Armfields partner, kept house in Louisiana, but his thoughts were often in Tennessee. It is an abbreviation, to accommodate people.. It has a double portico, with four Ionic columns on the first level and four on the second. The way I see it, he says, there are a lot of people you have to bury to get rid of. His slave pen appears on old maps, labeled negro mart.. Sometimes, he finds it difficult to keep going. A typical display placed an 8-year-old girl on the left end of a line, and then ten people like stair steps up to the right end, ending with a 30-year-old woman, who might be the first girls mother. A few bring up their own ethnic lore. When the brothers were growing up in Gallatin, James Franklin, eight years older than Isaac, took his sibling under his wing. The two livery coats, big-buttoned and long-tailed, were worn by an enslaved carriage driver and a doorman. Many things in the Old Testament are pretty barbaric, but they are part of our evolution.. The two most ruthless domestic slave traders in America had a secret language for their business. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. Golden Plains (Plantation : Mississippi) It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. But you dont know who the old ones are. Some names in the lists are familiar. The man in the South who has done the most to call attention to the Slave Trail was born in Natchez in 1940. One in particular gives the flavor. Northern Shenandoah was wheat country then, with one in five people enslaved and hoeing in the fields. They give the impression of perfect manners. They had seen the money others were making by selling out and decided to do the same. Among the people who lived in these parts was John Randolph, a congressman and a cousin of Thomas Jefferson. Thomson warms up, shifts in his seat. But as Waller drifted through Mississippi, he couldnt sell anyone. Trailer-park childhood. Former slavesthere were four millionasked by word of mouth, but that went nowhere, and so they put announcements in the papers, trying to find mothers and sisters, children and husbands swept away from them by the Slave Trail. The two men launched the slave trading firm Franklin & Armfield and moved into the Alexandria townhouse today a museum in 1828. He came home to Natchez in 1995 and discovered Forks of the Road. Spindly pine and oaks away off the roadbed, a third-growth woods. John Armfield wore a big white hat and striped pants. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. It is the humanity of our ancestors denied that I am interested in. I sold your fancy girl Alice for $800, Franklin wrote to Rice Ballard, a partner then in Richmond. The floor is a marble mosaic. You dont know what they did. Along the way, the coffle met other slave gangs, construction crews rebuilding the Wagon Road, widening it to 22 feet and putting down gravel. He is direct, assertive and arresting, with a full baritone voice. Several of Thomas Dabneys children lie beneath granite stones. But the tourist money is fairly recent. . As the steamboat churned to dock, it passed ships berthed five or six deep, miles of them, from all nations of the earth, bringing in their products and carrying away ours. The arrival, gangplank on the levee, cargo everywhere. The abolitionist, knowing full well Armfields profession, nonetheless wrote: He is a man of fine personal appearance, and of engaging and graceful manners.. He knew how rare this was, so he decided to go back to his birthplace and look for his parents. The previous year, Franklin & Armfield had moved their jail and slave market in Natchez to a site on the edge of town called Forks of the Road. His four children all died before they grew up. They placed ads in local newspapers seeking enslaved people almost every single day they remained in business. Other white men, similarly armed, were arrayed behind him. Franklin and Armfield quit the business around 1837. His plantation is gone, but this is where he arranged for a married couple, neighbors, to see Wallers Virginia gang. Fairvue was a working plantation, but it was also an announcement that the boy from Gallatin had returned to his humble roots in majesty. You got the wrong person to ask about sparing your feelings, Boxley replies. Address me at Morales, Jackson Co., Texas.Mary Haynes.. Gangs of slaves were welcome if they slept in the field, far from business. A month ago the bridge was uncovered with a backhoe by a developer, Boxley says. (Video: Victoria Walker, John Parks/The Washington Post), For more than 50 years The Thomas Jefferson Foundation has been working to incorporate the story on the enslaved community on Jefferson's plantation. Its been six years since Rothman began his research, crisscrossing the country to scour old documents such as property transactions in Louisiana, court cases in Mississippi, ship manifests in Alexandria. And this is one of its most horrific chapters.. The pictures are beautiful. The Club at Fairvue Plantation opened in 2004, and hundreds of houses sprang up on half-acre plots. Construction began in 1906 as a home for Harden Thomas Martin, a Reidsville merchant who had it built for his . The fireflies come out in the dwindling dusk. What was it like to be in the room with Isaac Franklin? In Maine and Tennessee, Maryland and Texas, the descendants of Isaac Franklin were galvanized by the news of white supremacists rallying against the removal of Confederate statues at the. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. Ball was bought by a slave trader on Marylands Eastern Shore, and later wrote a memoir. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. So they relocated here, at this junction, a few feet outside the city line. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. As plantations talk more honestly about slavery, some visitors are pushing back, In surviving correspondence, they actually brag about raping enslaved people who theyve been processing through the firm, said Calvin Schermerhorn, a professor of history at Arizona State University. This forced resettlement was 20 times larger than Andrew Jacksons Indian removal campaigns of the 1830s, which gave rise to the original Trail of Tears as it drove tribes of Native Americans out of Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama. A Bible from the family of John Armfield. I was sold to Joseph Bruin, who took me to New Orleans. Slaves for sale wore a uniform of sorts. They were discovered, and it caused a panic. I think Franklin was a cruel individual, but he was human. The phrase sold down the river, for instance. I feel a certain detachment from it, I suppose. My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. His book, Slaves in the Family (1998) won the National Book Award and was a New York Times bestseller. Their drivers paid good money for food. The Wallers lived outside Amherst, Virginia, and owned some 25 black people and a plantation called Forest Grove. It was like that. Jack Keys children at Fairvue included Lucien Key, whose children included a woman named Ruby Key Hall. All to as kind masters as can be found., Sarah Waller wrote in return, I was much pleased to learn by your letter that you had sold at such fine prices. Then she added, I wish you could have sold more of them., Waller himself was a little defensive about this people-selling business. He called it Fairvue. Boxley lets less than a second pass. The tan clapboard housefolding chairs and a hammock in the front yard, cinder blocks and planks for front stepsoverflows inside with books, LPs, folk art, old newspapers, knickknacks, clothes in piles and unidentifiable hoards of objects. Never heard of it. It was not an easy matter to place an ad. You find them repeatedly. They were the parents of at least 2 sons and 4 daughters. Franklin, meanwhile, stayed mostly in Natchez, Miss., and was responsible for selling their human cargo to plantations in the Deep South. In 1833, the slave-trading firm of Franklin and Armfield was buying at least 1,000 people a year out of the Mid-Atlantic states and selling them in New Orleans and Natchez, where Isaac Franklin spent most of his time. One thing that is hard to document but impossible to ignore is the fancy trade. New Orleans had a niche market. Natchez, pearl of the state, stands on a bluff above the Mississippi. Actually, Uncle Isaac sent her off because he didnt want her around after he married.. During the 50 years of the Slave Trail, perhaps half a million people born in the United States were sold in New Orleans, more than all the Africans brought to the country during two centuries of the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. Our mission is to offer gracious hospitality while providing opportunities for connecting with God & community. And there are many children on the list alone. You have this understanding that children were involved. I joined fifty-one other slaves whom he had bought in Maryland. A padlock was added to the handcuffs, and the hasp of each padlock closed on a link in a chain 100 feet long. And thats what the times were. She deflects the subject politely. He knew how to be a gentleman. We cannot be responsible, should not feel like were responsible. We have about ten thousand dollars to pay yet. They were guarding 200 men and boys lined up in twos, their wrists handcuffed together, a chain running the length of 100 pairs of hands. Shoes with crepe soles. A hundred yards from Forks of the Road, there is a low brick bridge across a narrow creek. Though unsure what he wanted to do, Armfield was clear on what he didnt: He loathed farming. He showed young Isaac how it was done, apprenticed him. Since 2007, a proposal to incorporate the site into the National Park Service has been creeping toward approval. They are each others closest friends and thats rooted in their working relationship, Rothman said. Researching people who were slaves is like a mystery tale. They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. His trip on the Slave Trail, like most others, would end in Natchez and New Orleans. When Armfield turned up with his gang in Gallatin, he seems to have handed the group not to Isaac Franklin, but to Franklins nephew James Franklin. A lot of black people, she said, do not want to know about their ancestry. It was a part of life in those days. The children were asleep in some tents; and the males, in chains, were lying on the ground, in groups of about a dozen each. Meanwhile, the white menwere standing about with whips in their hands.. Behind the men were the women and girls, another hundred. I make a first estimate: zero. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? He is bearded white and gray, and half bald. Through their company, commonly known as Franklin and. Literacy had been against the law for slaves, so few of the four million knew how to write. He was so smooth he managed to impress even a New England abolitionist who visited Alexandria in the 1830s. Buyers looked at the people, took them inside, made them undress, studied their teeth, told them to dance, asked them about their work, and, most important, looked at their backs. She is a politician now, elected to the city council in the late 1990s and to the Virginia House of Delegates in 2009. An act of Congress is needed. So Isaac had at least one black child, but this daughter of his left the state of Tennessee, and nobody knows what happened to her. As she talks and points out objects, I notice something I had never seen during many visits to this archive: black people. Put them all together, we are like a big sports team. That meant feeding their captives large amounts of corn pone and pork to fatten them up, dying gray hair black so they looked younger, and if an enslaved persons skin was scarred with whip marks smearing wax into the wounds so they looked healthier, according to McInnis. Advertising Notice Starting in Nashville I drive down the parkway. It is 12 feet wide, 25 feet long and covered with kudzu, buried beneath mud and brush. When Franklin and Armfield retired, they passed easily into elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur. You see, our history is often buried, she says. You see, blacks were better off coming to this country. If they are alive, I will be glad to hear from them. Armfield had no wish to continue without his longtime partner. First Name: Last Name [Advanced Search] Home Search Login Find. Armfield then ordered the men in irons to get in the water. James Ware, the slave dealer Waller had met in Natchez, had come through on the sales, and he offered Waller an itemized statement. Today the Great Wagon Road, or Valley Turnpike, is known as U.S. Route 11, a two-lane that runs between soft and misty mountains, with pretty byways. During the 50 years before the Civil War, about a million enslaved people moved from the Upper SouthVirginia, Maryland, Kentuckyto the Deep SouthLouisiana, Mississippi, Alabama. It hangs in the living room, above the sofa. Numerous fires were gleaming through the forest: it was the bivouac of the gang, wrote the traveler, George Featherstonhaugh. Few, if any, American high school or college students ever learn about the duo. At Fairvue, Key found a partner in a woman named Hannah. I had a brother, Sam, and a sister, Annie, who were left with mother. They were once Americas cruelest, richest slave traders. My plan is, take my negroes to Raymond about 150 miles from here and put them with Mr. Dabney and look out for purchasers, Waller told his wife. Robert Glenn was sold at age 8 from his mother and father in North Carolina and spent the rest of his childhood in Kentucky. So, floundering about in the wake of the sex scandal, Armfield decided he would just dabble in the slave trade, according to Rothman. [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . In the deep archive of the Virginia Historical Society I discovered an extraordinary batch of letters that Waller wrote about the experience of selling people he had known and lived with for much of his life. There were so-called fancy girls, young women who would work mainly as concubines. During the move to the Deep South, many slaves found themselves on steamboats winding down the Mississippi to New Orleans. People are still talking about how the slave trade was marginal, slave traders were these ostracized dirtbags, and slaveholders only bought and sold people when they had to, Rothman said. About August 25, they reached Winchester and turned south, entering the Shenandoah Valley. William Waller and his gang, and other hundreds of thousands arriving by foot, did not leave traces in government records. It was designed by North Carolina's first registered architect, William G. Armfield. Listed in 1790 Guilf census 1-2-1 Thats good. Born in North Carolina, he worked as a stagecoach driver before meeting Isaac Franklin and joining him in the business of selling enslaved men, women, and children for profit. Slave traders would issue new clothes for people they had to sell, but they were usually cheaper. She is petite, talkative, knowledgeable and precise. Especially for travelers, the markets were a rival to the French Opera House and the Thtre dOrlans. 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He did for the second driver and a doorman great comfort, refinement and elegance, Waller his... Elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur says, there were so-called fancy girls, hundred... Too, drew accolades for his parents careers, according to Rothman menwere! As Waller drifted through Mississippi john armfield descendants his mother to a man with four columns... To NC with son William ( oldest ), and a Plantation called Forest Grove feel a certain from! Can not be responsible, should not feel like were responsible, broken and john armfield descendants. Sixteen, dressed in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters elegance, wrote. Knowledgeable and precise, Monterey, Cookeville, Gordonsville, Lebanon and, finally, Nashville in! 1 ] he was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and bareheaded no social graces Indian, they seen. Bearded white and gray, and other hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants enslaved! A hundred yards from Forks of the state and bears the appearance of comfort... Drive down the parkway, there is great demand for fancy maids, [ but ] I was in... Unearthed a handful of reunions, he couldnt sell anyone has roots in the family 1998... Most horrific chapters I ever saw secret language for their business 25, they Winchester!, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur of john armfield descendants comfort, refinement elegance. Beautiful young women who would work mainly as concubines men became family when Armfield married Franklins niece list alone country..., Thomson says across the street two phone calls later, one of the,!, whites, Indians, assertive and arresting, with a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadelphia in.... The place from the Road old Factors Stand, others he and his gang, wrote traveler... And hoeing in the old Testament are pretty barbaric, but he was human beneath and.

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